Expatriates Issues in International Joint Ventures Essay

Expatriates Issues in International Joint Ventures - Essay Example Much of the early studies on international staffing was largely descriptive, prescriptive, and lacking in analytical rigor (Dowling et al., 1999). One European critique (Brewster & Scullion, 1997) argued that staffing policies are often developed in isolation from other areas of expatriation policy and fail to connect expatriate selection to the MNE's international business strategy. Researchers are finding more variety in approaches to staffing and other activities (Scullion & Starkey, 2000; Petrovic et al., 2000). Drawing on the speculative concepts of the resource based view, European researchers have endeavored to explain the strategic measurement of expatriate selection. Bonache and Fernandez (1999) explain the linkage between expatriates and spirited advantage by significance the significance of the relocating of tacit knowledge to new markets, through relocating teams rather than just: individual managers and Bonache and Brewster (2001) discover the role of expatriates as inst rument of knowledge transfer. Recent European studies indicates the significance of country specific factors and indicates distinction between countries in international staffing practices. ... utilize fewer. For example, direct expatriate management is mostly well-built in the Far Eastern or Latin American subsidiaries of Japanese and German operating in the automobile or electronic industries, and much less important in the subsidiaries of U.S., French, and British MNEs located in Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon countries and operating in the food or paper industries. Not all international business activities are staffed by "traditional" expatriates, that is, expatriates on international projects for several years. There are a significant figures, in Europe at least, of self-initiated expatriate experiences (SFEs): group who find their own way to an additional country (Suutari & Brewster, 2000). buying and trade behavior are often behavior by people on short (often, factually, flying) visits. Studies into the selection of expatriates has generally been focused on the more "visible" aspects of these issues such as the criteria used in selection decisions. Studies in Europe, however, also indicate that selection criterion are largely create of the international HR unit: in practice choice on expatriate selection are typically taken by line managers--who often simply pay no attention to the selection criteria espoused by the HR department (Harris & Brewster, 1999). The confirmation on numbers of expatriates is diverse. There are suggestions that the accessibility of people willing to recognize global projects is not escalating fast enough to meet the rapidly growing demand for international managers. Studies suggest that general lack of expatriate managers are mainly sensitive in European MNCs and restrict mutual efforts to develop

Managing bullying and harassment in the workplace Research Paper

Managing bullying and harassment in the workplace - Research Paper Example 2. Discussion and Analysis Let’s give a brief discussion about bullying and harassment. Bullying based on sex, gender, race, ethnicity, color, language, cultural background, socio-economic background, physical impairment, and etcetera, comes under the concept of discrimination. For example, age discrimination includes bullying such as not selecting an old age candidate for a job posting, abusing an old employee, firing or demoting him, not providing him employee incentives, or preferring others to him when it comes to important decision-making and problem-solving. Quid pro quo is the situation in which the person’s employment status is decided based upon his response to the sexual advances by his employer. It can also be described as â€Å"do this and I’ll do that for you†. Reverse quid is the situation in which the employer behaves like â€Å"do this or I’ll do that†. This more generally involves threats and punishments. Hostile environment is the environment that results from offensiveness shown by the victim as a response to unwelcome sexual conduct from the harasser, and this situation starts hindering the victim’s job performance. ... 3. Literature Review Branch, Ramsay and Barker (2013) conducted a research on workplace bullying. They assert that researchers have long been formulating theories and explanations about bullying and harassment at workplace, especially after the emergence of the concept of school bullying. They state that although workplace bullying and harassment have become widely known aspects of organizational cultures, yet organizations face challenges in implementing management strategies to manage these. Workplace bullying and harassment not only affect the victims but also have hazardous impacts upon the bystanders. Hence, it becomes necessary for the organizations to consider all impacts of workplace bullying and harassment in order to work out such strategies that cater with the needs of not only the victims but also the bystanders. Deery, Walsh and Guest (2011) studied the effects of workplace bullying and harassment on job satisfaction. Their research sample consisted of nurses in British hospitals. They compared two types of harassment: insider harassment that came from seniors and co-workers, and outsider harassment that came from patients. They also studied the effect of anti-harassment policies on workplace environment. They concluded that the nature of bullying and harassment changed with the nature of the harasser (insider or outsider); however, anti-harassment policies were found to have a profound impact as they resulted in considerable decrease in the harassment incidents at the workplace. This research helps understand that anti-bullying and anti-harassment policies at the workplace are crucial if the aim is to reduce workplace bullying and harassment. Bentley et al.

Leadership Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership Style - Essay Example leadership ensures that leaders and employees interact in different ways and subsequently build close relationships that promote progress within the organization. Transformational leadership is the most effective leadership style because it does not only focus on the results, but also the process by which results are realized. The most vital aspect of transformational leadership is that it allows leaders to motivate, inspire, and encourage their followers in a way that promotes individual growth and development (Kuckartz, 2010). Additionally, leaders are encouraged to harness and nurture talents, skills, and knowledge possessed by employee. In other words, this style of leadership makes it easy for leaders and their followers to identify their points of strength and subsequently discover ways to grow, develop, or improve personally and professionally. When it comes to transformational leadership, both the process and the results are critical. The process fosters close relationships that subsequently enhance well-liked interactions. For the results, motivation and inspiration are evident in the organization as far as transformational leadership is concerned. For example, leaders who embrace cultural diversity and promote the same in an organization play an important role in developing varied talents within the

Low Cost Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Low Cost Airlines - Essay Example The emergence of budget airlines is directly attributed to the transformation of the global business environment. The major drivers which facilitated this trend are: the deregulation of the European air travel sector; the establishment of the European Union; the 9/11 tragedy; the rapid technological advancement; and change in customers' lifestyle and preferences. It is irrefutable that the deregulation of the European airline industry primarily contributed to the rise of low cost carriers. It can be recalled that deregulation has lowered the barrier to entry in the industry as well as enhanced the competitiveness of the players which are previously receiving subsidy from the government. This, in turn, largely contributes to the cost efficiency of airline operators allowing them to charge lower prices to passengers. The establishment of the European Union affects the airline industry has the same effect like the deregulation of the sector. This has opened up markets and lowered operat ing costs, encouraging the proliferation of low cost carriers (Sorensen 2006). ... Lastly, technological advancement has significantly enhanced company's efficiency. It can be recalled that the internet technology has lowered the airline's costs in terms of booking and servicing customers by eliminating travel agent costs. This has paved way for huge costs savings which cut down the cost of airline operations (Sorensen 2006). It can be seen that all of the aforementioned factors which paved the way for the emergence and wide acceptance for low cost air travel have altogether pushed the prices of airline operation down allowing the fast entry of prospective players and allowing industry participants to price more competitively. It can be seen that the business model employed by a typical budget airline is primarily affected by these changes in the external environment of companies. A low cost carrier which competes in the European airline industry typically a business model which offers only a single passenger class and a single type of airplane which is usually an Airbus320 or Boeing737 which allows the company to cut on training and servicing costs. Budget airlines also typically employ a very simple fare scheme which rewards early reservation by increasing the fare charged as the plane fills up. There is usually no reserved seating in order to allow customers to choose their own seats thereby encouraging early and quick boarding. In order to drive down operation costs, technological innovation particularly the internet is used in order to eliminate the huge commission usually passed on to travel agencies. Budget airlines also prefer flying on secondary and simplified routes as well as having relatively shorter flights and faster turnaround times. Budget airlines, unlike

Dole Food Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dole Food Company - Essay Example In July 2001, it was reincorporated as a Delaware corporation. Its headquarters is located in Westlake village, California. Dole is one of the world’s leading producers of pineapples, bananas, packed fresh vegetables, salads and fruit products. In the fiscal year ended 2, 2010, this company generated operating income of about $352 million and total revenue of approximately $6.8 billion. By January 2, 2010, Dole had total revenue of $4.1 billion. Dole has divided its business operations into three segments: the fresh vegetable segment produces and distributes fresh-packed and value added salads, and vegetables to institutional customers and retailers primarily in Europe, North America and Asia (Dole Food Company, Castle & Cooke, Inc, 2003). The fresh fruit segment is divided into several departments, which are responsible for the production and distribution of fresh fruits to retail, wholesale and institutional customers worldwide. The third segment is packaged foods segment, w hich also includes a number of divisions that process and distribute packed foods including frozen fruit, juices, fruit and healthy snack food (U.S. International Trade Commission, 2002). The writer chose to analyze the accounting process and financial statements of Dole Food Company because of its outstanding performance in the food processing industry. In addition, it was not difficult obtaining the company’s financial statement since my mother works in the company as a quality assurance manager. The financial statements used for this project were obtained from the internet, by opening the company’s Website link I was given by my mother. The main aim of this paper is to understand the analysis of the accounting process and financial statements of Companies by focusing on Dole Food Company. In the paper, I will analyze Dole’s balance sheet, statements of cash flow, and income statements. Before analyzing Dole’s accounting process and financial statements , it is necessary to understand some of the key accounting concepts and terms that are used by Dole’s accountants when recording and balancing financial statements and other transactions. 1) Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) - this principle refers to the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting (Bernstein & Wild, 2000). It includes conventions, standards and principles that accountants observe when recording and balancing financial statements and other transactions. GAAP can be obtained from several sources including promulgation of the Accounting Principle Board and Financial Accounting Standards (Pefianco & Rosario, 2006). 2) Accrual Basis verses Cash Basis Accounting: accrual basis is the income earned and reported in particular periods despite of when it was received (Costales & Szurovy, 1993). It also includes the expenses that were incurred regardless of whether they were paid or not. In the financial statements used for this project, it is evident that Dole’s accountants recorded both expenses and income when they occurred. Cash basis accounting involves recording of transactions based on cash position and cash flow. Revenue is recorded upon cash receipt, and expenses when cash is paid. This accounting method is evident in Dole’s financial statements; however, it is not commonly used like Accrual Basis Accounting (Hey-Cunningham, 2007). 3) Current Assets and Liabilities verses Non-Current Items: Current assets are items that are available in cash form, or can be changed into cash within a short period (Dyckman, 2001). Example that is present in Dole’s financial statement is inventory or accounts receivable. Fixed assets, on the other hand, are assets which cannot easily be converted

Brand Analysis of the Body Shop Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Brand Analysis of the Body Shop - Assignment Example Due to such activities the company has been able to position its brand in a better way in comparison to its competitors. The brand characteristics with regard to the products were found to have greatly influenced the customers purchasing decisions for the products which have enabled the company to demand premium price for its products. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Brand Positioning and Values 6 Against Animal Testing 8 Support Community Fair Trade 8 Activate Self Esteem 8 Defend Human Rights 9 Protect the Planet 9 Brand Characteristics 10 Customers Benefits 11 Brand Community 12 Brand Equity 13 Conclusion 15 Reflection 16 References 17 Bibliography 19 Introduction The report would attempt to deal with â€Å"The Body Shop† values and its impacts on brand development. The Body Shop was first established by Antia Roddick in the year 1976 as one small shop in Brighton, England for selling beauty products. The company started its business with 25 produc ts that were created with natural ingredients. It was able to attain rapid growth and expand itself in the European market as well as internationally inspite of pursuing the strategy of â€Å"no money spent on advertising†. ... The company mainly produces toiletries and cosmetic products internationally. It offers a wide assortment of beauty products such as body gels and oils, make up products, moisturizers baby care products, hair care products, massage products, skincare products, bath and body products and even fragrances (Carlson, 2011). The products are made from natural ingredients which are supposed to be ethical and environmental friendly such as banana shampoo and coconut milk body lotions. The company primarily aims at combining activism with marketing and encourages women to concentrate on self-esteem along with environmental and social causes. The company strongly criticizes the idea of testing products on animals and ensures that the ingredients used in its prod ucts have not been tested on animals in any possible way. In addition to this, the company also restricts the use of harmful chemicals in the form of ingredients for its products. Furthermore, it believes in the principle of producing eco-friendly products and wishes to establish its identity as an eco-conscious company. The company sells its products both through online and established shopping houses. The company strives to ensure greater degree of cooperation from its suppliers in order to boost its innovations for the development of new and ethical products. The company has been able to retain its customers even after it was taken over by the L’Oreal Company in 2006 (Carlson, 2011). The company’s aim always has been to expand its business by satisfying its customers’ needs with natural and ethical products. It further emphasizes to deliver superior quality beauty products at affordable prices to its loyal customers in contrast to its existing competitors (Fi tness Health, 2012).

Public Safety Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Public Safety Debate - Essay Example In the novel, The Prince, Machiavelli implies that the state holds all authority. This Machiavellian perspective explicitly argues that all morality, power and natural law should be controlled by the rulers of the state, in the interests of national security and the continuance of the rulers’ power. In the essay, â€Å"On Liberty† John Stuart Mill suggests that â€Å"The only purpose for which power can rightfully be exercised over any member of a civilized community against his will is to prevent harm to others† (John Stuart Mill in Hart, 1963:4-5). Could the purpose of law be as simply stated as: a set of rules to protect society and the individuals within it, and always the safety of the society is more important than that of the individual? In the world’s largest democracy, where human rights principles are constitutionally entrenched, the prioritization of the community over the individual can undoubtedly be seriously questioned. Whether there is moral justification for a law or a security-related need for a law, there has to be widespread agreement within a community or society which recognizes that law (Hart, 1994: 258). Individuals within a society must recognize, acknowledge the validity of, and agree to abide by a law. In the debate over whether public safety is more important than civil rights in the United States of America (US), such questions about the nature of the law, the validity of laws, and the need for community security of the population must be addressed. In at least four instances, forming the basis of the thesis of this paper, the conflict between civil rights and laws enacted to promote national security is notable. In the light of democratic principles, is it justifiable to remove one person’s rights for the presumed greater good? At any given time, certain acts may be seen as immoral, or threatening to the greater good.